Zhang Du

• Styled Jiren, with the courtesy name Shuxian, and later known by various pseudonyms such as "The Old Man Who Refutes Error," "The Old Man Embracing Shu," and "Master of Pine Seclusion." He also signed himself as "The Old Monk of the Unconscious Realm." He was a native of Changxing, Zhejiang. He served as the Prefect of Henan. Coming from a wealthy family, he was an avid collector and highly skilled in connoisseurship. He studied epigraphy and antiquities together with Pan Boyin (Zuyin) and Chen Shouqing (Jieqi). He also had a fondness for philology. Gifted in calligraphy, he excelled in seal script (zhuan) and clerical script (li). His brushwork was archaic and unrefined in spirit, yet elegant and balanced in structure. It was only after the age of fifty that he began painting. His landscape paintings were composed with calm, deliberate brushwork and colored with a subdued, antique tone. His figure paintings evoked the style and spirit of Han dynasty mural images.