Lai Xiang

• Lai Xiang, with the surname Lai and given name Xiang, courtesy name Zicheng, pen names Shanyang and Shanyang Waishi, commonly known as Jiu Tairang, and also called Sanshiliu Feng Waishi, was a renowned sinologist. He was Japanese, born in the 9th year of the An'yo era (1780). Known for his bold character, his writings were widely circulated. He passed away in the 3rd year of the Tenpō era (1839). His father and ancestors were also well-known. Lai Xiang authored numerous books, including *Nihon Gaishi* (Japanese History, or *History of Japan*). He named his study "Shan Zi Shui Ming Chu" (The Place of Purple Mountains and Clear Waters).